Inside Tesla FSD v13: The End-to-End Neural Net Explained

Tesla's FSD v13 is the company's first release with a fully end-to-end neural network controlling the vehicle from raw camera pixels to steering, throttle and brake commands.

The architecture A transformer-based vision stack feeds a planning network trained on millions of hours of human driving footage. The result is smoother lane changes and noticeably more human-like behaviour at unprotected lefts.

The trade-offs End-to-end models are notoriously hard to debug. Regulators in Europe have already asked for additional transparency before granting Level 3 approval.